conditions in which authoritarian states emerged

How power was consolidated and maintained; legal methods versus use of force, treatment of opposition, impact of foreign policy. (May 08 TZ2), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state. Among his achievements was the creation of organizations designed to make children grow up to be good Fascists. For the first time, women were working outside the home in large numbers, and the new constitution gave women the right to vote. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. In Iran, in late February as the coronavirus began spreading through the country, Shia clerics vociferously resisted government demands that major shrines be closedan encapsulation of the power of the countrys religious establishment. - How did Cuba survive this economic crisis according to Balfour? Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. 96 - How did Castro see social policy? -Political instability. Still, Fascism in Italy was not without racism. (May 2008, TZ2), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state. Moreover, most authoritarianswhatever the quality of their pandemic policiesface enormous new economic pressures as a result of the virus. Behind the popular but simplistic notion that authoritarianism is rising globally lies the fact that the global wave of antigovernment protests over the past ten yearsan historic high in protests around the worldhas hit many nondemocratic regimes hard. 99-100 - What was the Ochoa Affair and how did it affect Cuba? Russia has lost its soft power: how war in Ukraine destabilises old Soviet allies, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. Both emerged as democratic post-colonial states. This fascination with some of the darkest aspects of our shared past has meant that there is a huge wealth of material written about . Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. Will the Invasion of Ukraine Change Russia-Africa Relations? A second weakness of many authoritarian regimes in confronting the coronavirus is their suspicion or outright hostility toward independent voices and civil society. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Japan already had some colonies, including Korea, but many military and business leaders argued that Japan deserved to rule most of Asia. I dont see them either. In Tanzania, which has not published nationwide figures relating to the coronavirus since May 8, President John Magufuli insisted that the country had defeated the virus through prayer. TEXT ON SCREEN: - Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion, the role of leaders, ideology, the use of force, propaganda. Asked about his position on whether Crimea was part of Ukraine or not, Lu said in a French TV interview on Friday that historically it was part of Russia and had been offered to Ukraine by the former Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. We engage geography's longstanding debate on what "counts" as resistance by introducing slow resistance to account for temporal-political strategies against unjust developments, particularly under authoritarian conditions. Fascist squads racked up wins as they marched through the provinces crushing socialists, intimidating liberals, and deposing agents of the state. Amy Elizabeth Robinson is a freelance writer, editor, and historian with a Ph.D. in the History of Britain and the British Empire from Stanford University. NARRATOR: France and the three Baltic states of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia were among the member states on Monday to summon Chinas envoys to account for the comments made late last week by Lu Shaye, which sparked a wave of outrage across Europe. Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. 97. (Nov 09), Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? And Chinese leaders are working to dilute the liberal norms and erode human rights protections that are . Last August, he sparked outrage by suggesting Taiwanese people would need to be re-educated following a Chinese takeover of the self-ruled island, while during the Covid pandemic he suggested France was abandoning old people in nursing homes. [2010] 17. Lu has previously acknowledged being part of the wolf warrior class of Chinese diplomats, a nickname given to envoys who respond vehemently to critics they perceive as hostile to China. We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. colonial rule (1910-1945). The early deterioration of the post-colonial African state into personalized and authoritarian rule in this manner mirrored the concerns that anchor refugee law in the first place as a special regime for persons who have well-grounded fear of persecution by reason of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or . Battle for Lira: Fail (tried to revalue Lira but artificially raised value which resulted in declining exports), -Breeders Nationalism, independence movements When the government chose not to intervene in this conflict, the Fascists used the fighting to gain power in the region. First and foremost is a penchant for feeble rather than decisive leadership. On November 21, "squads" of Blackshirts launched an attack on the Socialists in Bologna. In 1935, the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws. Thomas Carothers is senior vice president for studies and the Harvey V. Fineberg Chair for Democracy Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In the early 1930s, the frequency of elections was dizzying. . Analyse the conditions that enabledoneleft-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. Some burned it for fuel. Many veterans and other citizens struggled to understand Germanys defeat and the uncertain future. 87-88 - What internal threats existed to Castro and how were they dealt with? Washington, DC 20024-2126 His research focuses on modern Europe with an emphasis on Germany and Britain from 1789 to 1918. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the The Fascists learned that paramilitary violence was an effective political tool. It became known as the war to end all wars. It cast an immense shadow on tens of millions of people. Historical Conditions. Mussolini, founder of the Italian National Fascist party, was among the first to experiment in this way. The unstable authoritarian pathway that so many states followed after colonial rule was . How did Japanese leaders justify Japans imperial expansion? Analyse themethods used to eliminate opposition by two single-party rulers, each chosen from a different region. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. -unmarried men 35+ were taxed more You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. Only outside of Italy, in the arena of empire, were the Fascists really able to experiment with totalitarianism. More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed. Analyse themethods used to maintain power in two single-party states, each chosen from a different region. To what extent did economic factors contribute to the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from a di erent region? (Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis). A totalitarian regime has a highly centralized system of government that requires strict obedience. 94 - How Communist was Castro? This policy extended not only to sexual relations and marriage, but to any kind of social relationship at all. How was authoritarianism implemented in Italy? The Fascists argued that in invading Libya, they were creating a new Roman Empire, thus playing to Italian nationalism. Chinese trend for using photo of film star to get better service sweeps social media, More than 20,000 Russian soldiers killed in five months in Ukraine, US says, Chinese journalist arrested on charges of espionage, 'Democracy was hijacked. New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth of cities. However, their solution was "Italianization." It got a bad name': the death of the post-Soviet dream, Russia-Ukraine war as it happened: explosion derails Russian train; at least 34 injured after Pavlohrad attack, Myhunting trip with Yeltsin killed off the Soviet Union, UKexpected to stop funding Chinese state-linked Mandarin teaching schools, Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 432 of the invasion, TheSoviet Union collapsed overnight. These problems range from refusals to recognize the severity of the problem to the suppression of valuable domestic voices or sources of information, disorganized policy responses, and unwillingness to maintain the lockdown measures that would safeguard their populations. David has worked for two academic journals, Posted 2 years ago. In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. [2017] How was Stalin similar to and different from Hitler and Mussolini? (May 2007, May 2005), It was personality and not circumstances that brought rulers of single-party states to power. To what extent do you agree with this statement? HItler a Career" by Joachim Fest - the preview: Create your own unique website with customizable templates. The president of Burundi assured his citizens that divine protection would suffice against the virus, while Venezuelas president trafficked in farfetched conspiracy theories and promoted on social media the use of herbal concoctions to treat the virus. In a tightly controlled referendum on Sunday, Uzbeks voted on changes that would extend presidential terms from five to seven years and allow Mirziyoyev to serve two more terms. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their countrys uncertain future. He also supported the brutal suppression of anti-colonial resistance in Libya. Beijing has insisted it respects the status of the independent nations that emerged from the USSR after totally unacceptable remarks by Chinas ambassador to France questioning the sovereignty of former Soviet states sparked outrage in EU capitals. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. 2. But we can also see similarities in the ways that they emerged. (May 10 TZ2), In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise and rule of Hitler? 99-100 - What was the 'Special Period' and why did it result from this? Its important that when it comes to China, the EU speaks with one voice If we dont do that, theyll have us for lunch, they said. It is the ending of the world. Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at wars outbreak were dead when it was over. 'Elsewhere these groups [like the Nazis] could have been ignored and allowed to die out. Some democratic leaders have displayed weakness and avoidance, tried to suppress contrary voices, failed to work effectively with local authorities, and refrained from implementing much-needed public health measures out of concern about their economic impact. Unit Objectives: Authoritarian and Single Party States. The NSDAP, after becoming reallowed as a political party in 1925, changed their focus and used the democratic system of the Weimar Republic to gain power. He had plans to expand into the Balkans and acquire Albania as a territory. Hitlers ideological goals included territorial expansion, consolidation of a racially pure state, and elimination of the European Jews and other perceived enemies of Germany. Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. However, in Indonesia the democratic process was suspended altogether and after about a decade of independence . As the biggest governance test in recent memoryone that many authoritarians are failingthe pandemic and its ensuing economic devastation will turbocharge this underlying driver of global political change. How consistent was this vision to Cuba in reality? One must govern well, and for good government one must also practice good propaganda. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. Why do you think so many people in Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union embraced fascist or authoritarian ideologies and actions, even those that were violent and repressive. They believed victory on the battlefield abroad would bring back the glory of ancient Rome and show the world Italy was a real player in the "game of empire." irreconcilable disparities that were rooted in the different political conditions and traditions of each country. Standards of behavior were changing. While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party offered simple solutions to Germanys problems, exploiting peoples fears, frustrations, and hopes to win broad support. The government responded inadequately, and blamed the situation on. In Turkey, last months lifting of many restrictions saw a spike in cases, but Erdoan refrained from reimposing another lockdown, fearful of the economic damage it would cause. Using these definitions, evaluate which of these terms can appropriately be applied to this government. In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. These youth groups fostered a cult of violent masculinity, expected girls to aspire only to traditional maternal roles, and promoted the authoritarian belief of blind loyalty to the nation. 80-81 - What threat did the US pose to this 'new' Cuba? Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. (May 06), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state. (Nov 10)), Analyse the circumstances that helpedoneright-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. Due to the forced signing of the treaty, there . The term "totalitarian" is even credited to, Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. One example is the Holocaust during the Second World War. The German banking system collapsed, and by 1930 unemployment skyrocketed to 22%. It is hollowing out democratic institutions and enhancing the tools of repression in developing countries. The state decided who was an enemy quickly, arbitrarily (randomly), and irreversibly. It was a cataclysm that darkened the worlds view of humanity and its future. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda . "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. Hitler proved to be a charismatic campaigner and used the latest technology to reach people. 20. In what ways did Mussolini pursue an aggressive foreign policy? Emergence of authoritarian states. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Manchuria, in China. He used authoritarian tactics to solidify communist control of the Soviet Union. An authoritarian regime focuses on the maintenance of order at the expense of personal freedom. It is hard to blind citizens slammed by a national public health emergency to the realities of weak leadership at the top and incoherent governance at local levels. 88-89 - What other external threats existed? At home, meanwhile, the Japanese government increasingly pushed down any opposition to their war effort. Stalin was obsessively focused on getting rid of enemies. Analyze the conditions that enabled one left-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. Citizens surging discontent toward many authoritarian countries may not necessarily translate into immediate political instability or change. Beijing says it respects status of countries such as Ukraine after ambassadors comments spark row. They regulated marriage and sexual intercourse between the two groups, and stripped citizenship from both Jews and Roma. But this challenge is especially difficult for governments that do not enjoy the legitimacy that comes from winning free and fair elections and that instead rely heavily on economic performance as their primary source of popular legitimacy. 83 - How did Castro's policies on elections + INRA reflect this shift? The Path to Nazi Genocide, NARRATOR: The democratic nature of the Weimar Republic paradoxically led directly to the creation of Nazi authoritarian state, as it created an environment of expression and new ideas in which Nazism flourished. Political Instability. The governments of Algeria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Burundi, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Nicaragua, Russia, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Zimbabwe, for example, have displayed serious shortcomings in confronting the coronavirus, shortcomings that often reflect core features of their authoritarian governance. Topic 10 Authoritarian states (20th century) 19. As a result of Mussolini's compromises, conservative and liberal elements within the state blocked most revolutionary goals of Fascism. They would destroy their political opponents and, under Mussolinis leadership, create a totalitarian state. 83 - How did Castro deal with Lanz + Urrutria, and how did this reflect on him as leader? Building Civil Society In Authoritarian China Importance Of . Crime was on the rise. When they seized power, Fascists had hoped to take over the Italian state completely. GOEBBELS [speaking German]: How consistent was this with Castro's overall vision for Cuban society? Vietnams leaders, for example, responded to the countrys first confirmed infections as early as January, imposing travel restrictions and quarantines with a speed that made it a textbook case of an effective response to the public health emergency. What similarities do you see between Italys racist ideology in Ethiopia and the ideologies behind European imperialism during the long nineteenth century? For instance, the Versailles treaty of Germany after the first world war led to resistance as some political powers felt humiliated by the agreements that were to be signed by the parties. 'Hitler and his party would never have come to power without the severe economic and political crisis that engulfed Germany from 1929 onwards' - Overy. Mussolini came to power eleven years before Hitler did, and Italian Fascists were active as early as 1919. Conditions in China before 1911 Until the 19th century, China was a very conservative nation. 85-86 - What challenges did he face in 1959 and how did he overcome them in the years that followed? In 2019, an EU policy document described China as simultaneously a partner, economic competitor and systemic rival, but different member states attach different weight to each part of that assessment. All rights reserved. Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a . There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. And indeed, rising instability, aggression, racism, and fear triggered the eruption of the Second World War. What impact did this have? of three authoritarian states should be studied. Furthermore, Mussolini brought discipline to the party and aligned it more uniformly with the aims of the state. As the coronavirus has spread, many political observers have warned that it is bolstering authoritarianism globally. Summarise how Castro established control, and how he dealt with external and internal enemies 'Maintenance of power was reliant upon the silencing of opposition". President Hindenburg signed a decree that suspended all basic civil rights and constitutional protections, providing the basis for arbitrary police actions. (2) How did Fidel Castro consolidate and maintain his power? The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union dont have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement confirming their status as sovereign nations, he said. Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for starting the war and to pay heavy reparations. Examine the impact of the foreign policy of two authoritarian states on the maintenance of power in those states. Washington, DC 20036-2103. Leaders of trade unions and opposition parties were arrested. The post illustrates what we call organic online politics, or forms of digital mobilization that grow from specific rural conditions, material concerns, and repertoires of resistance.In advancing this concept, we argue that online politics are shaped not only by authoritarian repression and national political trajectories, but also by rural communities and their histories.
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